Russia

Following the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, governments around the world imposed sweeping and sizable financial and economic sanctions on the Russian economy and individuals, including partial export embargoes on hi-tech goods exports, sanctions against the largest Russian banks, the removal of multiple Russian banks from the SWIFT messaging system and the freezing of around one half of the Central Bank of Russia’s (CBR’s) foreign exchange (FX) reserves held in G-7 and other Western countries. Meanwhile, many countries have also imposed an oil-import embargo. Counter-sanctions from Russia have included FX controls for business transactions, stringent capital controls regarding payments abroad (including sovereign debt service and banning foreigners from selling securities), the nationalization of foreign companies deciding to exit Russia after the start of the war as well as selected export embargoes to the West (especially on most natural gas exports to the EU). The capital controls also led to a selected default of the Russian government on its sovereign debt in mid-2022. As long as the Russian war against Ukraine continues, further escalation cannot be excluded, which could result in even harsher sanctions and counter-sanctions. The overall environment for doing business in and with Russia is now very unfavorable.

Russia’s fiscal deficit widened to -2.3% of GDP in 2023, mainly due to rising defense spending and social expenditures as well as declining energy export revenues. Military spending is expected to surge to around 6% of GDP in 2024, making up about one-third of the total budget. However, revenues are also expected to rise, in part thanks to special taxes on energy companies. Overall, we forecast an annual fiscal deficit of around -2% of GDP in 2024. Russia will finance the shortfall through domestic bond (OFZ) issuance and withdrawals from the National Wealth Fund (NWF, a sovereign wealth fund). That said, it should be noted that a substantial drawdown of the NWF, as well as potential expenditure cuts in the next years, would have crucial medium- and long-term effects for the economy and the welfare of the Russian people.

Russia is unlikely to run out of foreign exchange (FX) in the next 18 months. Gross FX reserves (including frozen reserves) recovered from a temporary low of USD417bn in September 2022 to USD443bn at end-2023, supported by the record-high current account surplus of USD238bn (+10.5% of GDP) in 2022 and the de-dollarization of external trade. The Chinese renminbi is gaining increasing popularity in Russia’s external trade so that forthcoming export earnings cannot be frozen by Western sanctions anymore. However, gross FX reserves declined again in H1 2024 and stood at USD419bn in June. In part this was due to substantial narrowing of the current account surplus to USD53bn in 2023 (around +2.5% of GDP) and USD40bn in H1 2024 (estimated +3.4% of GDP), mainly due to lower energy export revenues. Under the assumption that frozen FX reserves have remained roughly stable at USD238bn (half of total FX reserves in February 2022) since the war began, available FX reserves are currently estimated at around USD180bn, which is sufficient to cover a healthy six months of imports. Continued external surpluses should help to escape a steep decline in available FX reserves over the next year. In a conservative scenario where available FX reserves fall to USD150bn at some point in 2024-2025, import cover would still be around five months. And in a worse scenario, Russia would still have the possibility to monetize part of its gold reserves, which surged to USD175bn in mid-2024, up from USD132bn in January 2022.